Kajang Amma Toa tribe (Bulukumba, South Sulawesi)

In South Sulawesi, mystical science or black magic is already very well-known tribe, and even has become a hallmark of the tribe. The first thing they dipikiran terbersik when asked about this tribe is "witchcraft". Perhaps because the image is already attached. This also is reasonable, because the animist beliefs still exist in Tana Toa (Although the majority of the Muslim religion in Kajang). Because it has been known about the science of the typical Kajang, some people will feel anxious if adjacent or estimated by one of the residents Kajang. This is a strong issue and terrific !. Their strength is strong, even once word got out that they could soften the human skull in a moment, in addition they are also resistant to sharp objects.

Suku Laut, Kep. Riau

Sea Tribe or often also called the Sea People are tribes that inhabit the Riau Islands, Indonesia. In broader terms include the Sea People "various tribes and groups that settled in the islands and estuaries in the Riau-Lingga Islands, Seven Island, Batam Islands, and coastal areas and islands off the coast of East Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula to the south. "

Another name for the Sea People are People Strait. Sea People are sometimes confused with other maritime tribes, Illanun people. Historically, Sea People used to be a pirate, but it plays an important role in the kingdom of Srivijaya, the Sultanate of Malacca and Johor Sultanate. They keep the straits, repel pirates, guiding traders to harbor these kingdoms, and maintain their hegemony in the region.

Suku Asmat - Dani

Located in the district of Jayawijaya hinterland with its capital of Papua Wamena, located in a beautiful valley with the name Baliem spread throughout the valley 80 km from The Edge to edge with a width of less than 20 km, Surrounded by mountains and forests, lie down like a garden, mountain and curvature honai, traditional house is almost entirely isolated from the world but can still reach the plane in the water for about 40 minutes from the Sentani Airport.

Native of the Dani Tribe Baliem valley is renowned as a Skilled farmers using the stone ax, scraper tool, a knife made of animal bone, bamboo or wooden stick and a Spear cut. After the founding of the Dutch town of Wamena the Catholicity and enter this developing area.
Contact means of the City of Wamena District to Other Districts and transportation is via air. Some of the city districts in this region can be linked to the road with motor vehicles using two and four wheels.

 Called "Dani" for groups of people who inhabit Baliem Valley is actually given by the United States and the Netherlands for Moni people who lived in high Paniai (Moni: foreigners). Moni said further changes to this ndani for those living in Baliem. Baliem valley residents call themselves their own "nut akuni pallimeke" (from our Baliem).

Dense forests in the mountains Jayawijaya is "home" Dani Tribe.

They live from hunting and results of forest rivers around their village. Jungle and the heterogeneous nature Baliem Dani men formed to be a "soldier-soldier" respite. They are the experts "forestry" is brave in maintaining the "house" them from the foreign interference. Violation zone rules and customs by the foreign soldiers will be faced-soldier Dani, to enable the occurrence of war (wim abiyokoi). However they also know the peace (gualim kong) as the settlement of disputes.

 In addition to utilizing the forest, soil fertility Baliem valley potential for processed information. For that is the Dani Tribe of forest into a farm-field agriculture.

Clearing a field and the defense is the task of security men Dani. While Planting and maintenance of the plant, which requires more sensitivity to the feelings of a natural task of women. This division of tasks has occurred in their settlements. The task of opening a forest settlement, to build, and maintain peace is the task of men. Maintain residential, including "grow-development" next generation is the task of women. This is the concept in "conquering" Baliem wildlife.

History Dayak Indonesia

Early History The existence of Dayak in Indonesia - Dayak tribe, is a phenomenal rate in the country of Indonesia, as famous for its magical powers, Dayak word comes from the word "Power" which means upstream, to mention the people who live in rural or inland Borneo general and West Kalimantan.

 Origins of Existence Dayak

 In the years (1977-1978) at the time, the Asian continent and the island of Borneo, which is part of the archipelago are still together, which allows the Mongoloid race of asia wander through the land and reached by traversing mountainous Borneo is now called the mountains "Muller-Schwaner". Borneo Dayak is the true population. However, after the Malays of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula came, they increasingly retreated into.

 Not to mention the arrival of the Bugis, Makassar, and Java in the heyday of the Majapahit Kingdom. Dayak tribes living

scattered across Kalimantan in long span of time, they should explore rivers spread to downstream and then inhabit the coast of the island of Borneo. This tribe is made up of several tribes, each of which has different properties and behavior.

 Dayak never build an empire. In Dayak oral tradition, often called "Nansarunai Usak Java", which is a Dayak Nansarunai kingdom destroyed by Majapahit, which is expected to occur between the years 1309-1389 (Measure Fridolin, 1971). The incident resulted in the Dayak tribe pressed and scattered, partly into the hinterland. The next big flow occurs when the influence of Islam are from the kingdom of Demak together influx Malay traders (circa 1608).

 Most of the Dayak tribe converted to Islam and no longer recognizes him as the Dayaks, but calls himself the Malays or the Banjar. While the Dayaks who reject Islam back down the river, into the interior in Central Kalimantan, living in regions Wood Tangi, Amuntai, Margasari, Watang Amandit, Labuan Lawas and Watang Balangan. Sebagain again kept pressed enter the jungle. Dayaks Muslims are mostly located in South Kalimantan and partly Kotawaringin, one of the famous Sultan of the Sultanate of Banjar is Mangkurat actually is a Dayak (Ma'anyan or Ot Danum)

 Not only of the archipelago, other nations also came to Borneo. Chinese people expected to start coming to Borneo in the Ming Dynasty 1368-1643 year. Of starch lettered manuscript mentioned that the city's first visit is Banjarmasin. But it remains unclear whether the Chinese people came to the era Bajarmasin (under the hegemony of Majapahit) or in the Islamic era.

 The arrival of the Chinese nation does not result in the displacement Dayaks and do not have a direct influence as directly as they only trade, especially with the kingdom of Banjar in Banjarmasin. They do not directly trade with the Dayaks. Remains of the Chinese nation is still kept by some Dayaks as malawen plate, pot (jars) and ceramics equipment.

Since the beginning of the fifth century Chinese nation has reached Borneo. In the fifteenth century King Yung Lo sent a large army to the south (including the archipelago) under the leadership of Chang Ho, and returned to China in 1407, having previously stopped to Java, Borneo, Malacca, Manila and Solok. In 1750, Sultan Mempawah accept the Chinese people (from Brunei) who were looking for gold. Chinese people are carrying too merchandise including opium, silk, glassware such as plates, cups, bowls and jars (Sarwoto kertodipoero, 1963)

Here are some of the customs of the Dayak who still maintained until now, and the supernatural world Dayak tribe in ancient times and today is still strong until now. This custom is one of the cultural property owned by the Indonesian people, because at the beginning of the Dayak comes from the interior of Borneo.

 * Ceremony Tiwah
Tiwah ceremony is a traditional event Dayak tribe. Tiwah a delivery ceremony held for the bones of the deceased to the brisket that has been made. Brisket is a sort of a small house that is made specifically for those who have died.

Tiwah ceremony for Dayak is sacred, in this Tiwah event before the bones of the dead are in between and put into place (stumbling), a lot of rituals, dances, the sound of gongs and other entertainment. Until the bones in place in its place (brisket).

 * Supernatural World
Supernatural world of the Dayak people had been since ancient times is the hallmark of Dayak culture. Because of this supernatural abroad there are also people call Dayak as man-eaters (cannibals). But in fact Dayak is very peace-loving tribe of origin they are not disturbed and suppressed arbitrarily. Borneo Dayak supernatural powers of many kinds, for example Manajah Antang. Manajah Antang a Dayak way to look for clues as to look for the presence of the enemy that is difficult to find the ancestors of birds media Antang, wherever the enemy in the search will be found.

Red bowl. Red is a medium bowl Dayak unity. Circulating red bowl if Dayaks feel their sovereignty in great danger. "Commander" or often called the Dayak tribe pangkalima usually issued cue standby or war in the form of a red bowl circulated from village to village quickly once. From the daily appearance many people do not know who the commander of the Dayak. Its mediocre, only he has the extraordinary supernatural powers. Believe it or not the commander could have knowledge of any immune fly like bullets, weapons and so on.

 Red bowl not haphazardly distributed. Before circulated the commander must create a custom event to know when the right time to start a war. In the event that the spirits of the ancestors customs will enter the body and if pangkalima pangkalima the Air "Tariu" (ancestral spirits to call for help and declared war), the Dayaks who hear it will also have powers as commander. Usually people who get sick or unstable souls crazy when they hear tariu.

People who already possessed by the spirits of the ancestors will be human and not. So usually blood, liver victims who were killed will be eaten. If not in an atmosphere of war never Dayaks eat humans. Head decapitated, skinned and stored for ceremonial purposes. Drinking blood and eating the liver, then the magical power will increase. The more enemies killed that person more powerful.

 Red bowl is made from bamboo terrace (some say made of clay) which is designed in a circular shape made immediately. To accompany this bowl is provided also other equipment such as potato red calamus (Acorus Calamus) which symbolizes courage (some say could be replaced with yellow rice), red chicken feathers to fly, light bamboo torch to torch (some say could be replaced with a piece of lighters), sago palm leaves (Metroxylon sagus) for shelter and rope knot of skin kepuak as a symbol of unity. Equipment was packed in bamboo bowl of it and wrapped with a red cloth.

According to the story hereditary red bowl first circulated when the war against Japan first. Then happen again when the expulsion of the Chinese from areas in 1967. Dayak Dayak expulsion of the Chinese people rather than inter-ethnic war, but more political burden. For the moment Indonesia is the confrontation with Malaysia.

 According to the Dayak beliefs, especially the hinterland of Borneo which passed from mouth to mouth, from grandmother to father, from father to son, until now that is not written lead to more or less than the truth, that the origin of the ancestors of the Dayak was derived from the seventh heaven to this earth with "Palangkaraya Bulau" (Palangkaraya is holy, clean, a shelf, as stretcher holy, holy yoke of gold derived from the sky, often also mentioned "rack or Kalangkang")

Baduy tribe and its history

Baduy Baduy people or people is a group of indigenous people in the region Sundanese Lebak regency, Banten. The term "Bedouin" is the name given by residents outside the community groups, the term originated from the Dutch researchers who seem to equate them with Badawi Arab groups who are sedentary societies (nomadic). Another possibility is due to the River and Mountain Bedouin Bedouin is in the north of the region. They themselves prefer to call themselves as urang Kanekes or "people Kanekes" according to their region name, or a designation that refers to the name of their   village as Urang Cibeo (Garna, 1993).

region
 
Baduy territory is geographically located at coordinates 6 ° 27'27 "- 6 ° 30'0" S and 108 ° 3'9 "- 106 ° 4'55" E (Permana, 2001). They live right at the foot of the mountains in the village Kendeng Kanekes, District Leuwidamar, district-Rangkasbitung Lebak, Banten, is about 40 km from the city Rangkasbitung. Region that is part of Kendeng Mountains with an altitude of 300-600 m above sea level (DPL) has the hilly and undulating topography with an average slope reaches 45%, which is a volcanic soil (in the north), soil sediment (in middle), and soil mixture (in the south). average temperature of 20 ° C.

 language
 
The language they use is Bahasa Sunda Sunda-Banten dialect. To communicate with the outside of their current use Indonesian language, although they did not gain the knowledge of the school. Baduy people 'in the' do not know the culture of writing, so the customs, beliefs / religion, and ancestor stories stored only in oral speech only.

 origin of
 
According to the beliefs that they profess, people Kanekes claimed descent from Batara roots, one of the seven gods or a male deity who was sent to earth. The origin is often attributed to the Prophet Adam as the first ancestor. According to their belief, Adam and his descendants, including the citizen has the task Kanekes be imprisoned or ascetic (mandita) to maintain the harmony of the world

Opinions about the origin of the Kanekes differed with historians, who based his opinion by way of synthesis of some historical evidence in the form of inscriptions, travel records of Portuguese and Chinese sailors, and folklore about the 'Tatar Sunda' fairly minimal existence. Baduy community associated with the Kingdom of Sunda that before its collapse in the 16th century centered on Pakuan Padjadjaran (around Bogor now).

Before the establishment of the Sultanate of Banten, the western tip of Java island region is an important part of the Kingdom of Sunda. Banten is a fairly large trading port. Ciujung rivers are navigable various types of boats, and crowded is used to transport agricultural products from rural areas. Thus the ruler of the area, which is referred to as the Prince shoots General considers that the sustainability of the river should be maintained. For the kingdom diperintahkanlah an army of highly trained to maintain and manage the heavily forested and hilly areas in the region of Mount Kendeng. The presence of troops with special duties that seem to be the embryo of Bedouin society that still inhabit the upper reaches of Mount Kendeng Ciujung in the (Adimihardja, 2000). The disagreements led to the conjecture that in the past, their historical identity and accidentally closed, which probably is a Bedouin community to protect itself from attack enemies Pajajaran.

Van Tricht, a physician who has conducted health research in 1928, refuting the theory. According to him, the Bedouin are the indigenous people of the area who has a strong thrust towards external influences (Garna, 1993b: 146). Baduy own people even refuse to say that they are from the oraang escape from Padjadjaran, the capital of the Kingdom of Sunda. According Danasasmita and Djatisunda (1986: 4-5) Baduy people are locals who made ​​the mandala '(sacred area) formally by the king, because the population is obliged to preserve kabuyutan (place of ancestor worship or ancestor), rather than Hinduism or Buddhism. Kebuyutan in this area is known by the Sundanese or teak kabuyutan 'Sunda Original' or Sundanese Wiwitan (wiwitann = original, origin, principal, teak). Hence their original religion was given the name Sunda Wiwitan. The king who makes the Bedouin as a mandala is a region Rakeyan Darmasiksa.

 There is another version of history Baduy tribe, began when King Siliwangi Kian Santang son home from arabia after berislam in the hands of Sayyidina Ali. The son wants to Islamize the prabu and his followers. At the end of the story, with 'wangsit Siliwangi' received the prabu, they objected to Islam, and spread to the corners sunda to remain in his conviction. And King Siliwangi pursued up to the swampy areas (Baduy now), and hide until abandoned. Then the prabu in Baduy area was renamed with a new title King Kencana Wungu, which may have changed the title again. And in Baduy's inside Siliwangi King enthroned with 40 loyal followers, until there will be civil war between them and us is represented by ki Saih a human form but the entire body and face covered by feathers laiknya ki monyet.dan this Saih presence in we are at the request of the trustees to God to win the truth.

belief
 
Public trust known as the Baduy Sundanese Wiwitan rooted in the worship of ancestral spirits (animism) which on subsequent development was also influenced by Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam. The core belief is shown by an absolute pikukuh or customary provisions adopted in the daily lives of people Kanekes (Garna, 1993). The most important contents of 'pikukuh' (compliance) Kanekes is the concept of "without any changes", or change as little as possible:

Lojor heunteu beunang cut, spliced ​​beunang heunteu short.

(Length can not / should not be cut, the short can not / should not be connected)

Taboo in everyday life are interpreted literally. In agriculture, the pikukuh form is by not changing the contour of the land for fields, so how berladangnya very simple, do not cultivate the land with a plow, do not create a terracing, planted only with the drill, which is a piece of sharpened bamboo. In house construction also contour the ground surface is left as it is, so that the poles Kanekes often not equal in length. Words and their actions were honest, plain, no-nonsense, even in their trade did not haggle.

 Object of trust is important for the community Kanekes Arca Domas, the location kept secret and is considered the most sacred. Baduy people visit these locations to conduct worship once a year in Kalima, which in 2003 coincided with the month of July. Only puun which is the highest indigenous chairman and several members of selected communities who follow the cult group. In the complex there are Arca Domas stone mortar that holds rain water. If at the time found a stone mortar worship exists in a state full of clear water, then for the people Kanekes it is a sign that the rainfall for the year will be a lot down, and harvest will be good. Conversely, if the stone mortar dry or watery cloudy, it is a sign of crop failure (Permana, 2003a).

For some people, related to the persistence society, indigenous beliefs held Kanekes reflects the religious beliefs of Sundanese people in general prior to the advent of Islam.

Community Groups Baduy Tribe

Baduy community is generally divided into three groups: Tangtu, panamping, and dangka (Permana, 2001). Tangtu group is a group known as the Baduy Dalam, most strictly follow the customs, the people living in three villages: Cibeo, Cikartawana, and Cikeusik). Characteristic Baduy People are naturally white clothes and wearing a dark blue and white headband. Panamping community groups are those known as the Baduy Luar, who lived in various villages scattered around the region Baduy In, like Cikadu, Kaduketuk, Kadukolot, Gajeboh, Cisagu, and so forth. Outer Baduy distinctively dressed and black headband. If Baduy and Outer Baduy Baduy live in the area, the "Bedouin Dangka" live outside the area Baduy, and currently lives in the remaining two villages, namely Padawaras (Cibengkung) and Sirahdayeuh (Cihandam). Dangka village serves as a sort of buffer zone on outside influences (Permana, 2001).

 Government Structure

Kanekes society recognizes two systems of government, namely the national system, which follows the rules of the Republic of Indonesia, and custom systems that are believed to follow the customs of the community. Both systems were merged or diakulturasikan such that no clashes occur. Nationally, the population Kanekes led by the village head called Jaro Pamarentah as, those under the sub-district heads, while customarily subject to the customary leader Kanekes highest, namely "puun".

The highest indigenous leaders in society Kanekes is "puun" in three villages Tangtu. Position lasted down through the generations, but not automatically from father to son, but can also other relatives. Term of office puun not specified, only based on the ability of a person holding the position.

 Executing everyday customs administration kapuunan (kepuunan) implemented by Jaro, which is divided into four positions, namely Tangtu Jaro, Jaro dangka, Jaro dependents, and Jaro Pamarentah. Jaro Tangtu responsible for the implementation of customary law on citizens Tangtu and various other matters. Jaro dangka duty to maintain, administer, and maintain a deposit ancestral land that exist within and outside the Baduy. Jaro dangka amounted to 9 people, which when coupled with 3 people is called Jaro Jaro Tangtu twelve. Leaders of twelve Jaro Jaro is referred to as a dependent. The Jaro Pamarentah customarily served as a liaison between Kanekes indigenous peoples and the national government, which in their duties aided by pangiwa, strip, and kokolot overtime or village elders (Makmur, 2001).

 Livelihood

As has been the case for hundreds of years, the community's main livelihood is farming rice Kanekes huma. In addition, they also earn extra income from selling fruit they get in the forest such as durian and keranji acid, as well as forest honey.

Interaction With Outer Baduy People
Kanekes society that until now strictly follow the customs is not an isolated communities, remote or isolated communities from the development of the outside world. Establishment of the Sultanate of Banten, which automatically enter into his realm Kanekes was not separated from their consciousness. As a sign of compliance / confession to authorities, the public routinely carry Kanekes seba to the Sultanate of Banten (Garna, 1993). Until now, the ceremony seba continues to take place once a year, in the form of crops leads (rice, pulses, fruits) to the Governor of Banten (previously the governor of West Java), through the Lebak regency regent. In agriculture, the population of Outer Baduy interact closely with the outside community, such as the lease of the land, and labor.

Trade that sometime in the past conducted barter, now has used ordinary rupiah currency. Baduy people sell their fruits, honey, and sugar kawung / palm through the middlemen. They also buy the necessities of life are not produced in the market. The market for people located outside the region Baduy Baduy like Kroja market, Cibengkung, and Ciboleger.

  At this time the outsiders who visit the region Kanekes increasing up to hundreds of people per visit, usually a teenager from the school, students, and other adult visitors. They receive the visitors, even to stay one night, with the proviso that visitors comply with the customs prevailing there. The custom rules such as not to be photographed in the area Baduy, do not use soap or toothpaste in a river. Nevertheless, the region Kanekes remain off limits to foreigners (non-citizen). Several foreign journalists who tried to enter until now always been denied entry.

At the time of the field work is not too much, people Baduy also happy to travel to major cities around the area on the condition that they must walk. Generally they go in small groups consisting of 3 to 5 people, visited the homes of acquaintances who had come to the Bedouin as he sells honey and handicrafts. During the visit they usually get extra money to make ends meet.